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[8] Bastani, H., Bastani, O., Sungu, A., Ge, H., Kabakcı, Ö., & Mariman, R. (2025). Generative AI without guardrails can harm learning: Evidence from high school mathematics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 122, e2422633122. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2422633122. 该文另有2025年更正通知，DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2518204122；使用具体数据与细节时应同时核对更正记录。
[9] Kestin, G., Miller, K., Klales, A., Milbourne, T., & Ponti, G. (2025). AI tutoring outperforms in-class active learning: An RCT introducing a novel research-based design in an authentic educational setting. Scientific Reports, 15, 17458. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-97652-6.
[10] Lee, H.-P., Sarkar, A., Tankelevitch, L., Drosos, I., Rintel, S., Banks, R., & Wilson, N. (2025). The impact of generative AI on critical thinking: Self-reported reductions in cognitive effort and confidence effects from a survey of knowledge workers. Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Article 1121, 1–22. DOI: 10.1145/3706598.3713778.
[11] Roediger, H. L., III, & Karpicke, J. D. (2006). Test-enhanced learning: Taking memory tests improves long-term retention. Psychological Science, 17(3), 249–255. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x. [12] Liu 等 (2026). 关于 AI 辅助对后续无援任务中坚持度与表现影响的三组实验。〔经二手文献转引，原始出处待补〕
[13] Making AI Tutoring Productive: Evidence from a Mastery-Based Math Practice Experiment (2026). 美国 Hamilton County 学区 6,997 名六至八年级学生的随机试验。〔经二手报道转引，原始报告出处待补〕
[14] 关于 ChatGPT 对学习成就影响的元分析（35 项实验；中学段 g≈0.928，本科段 g≈0.538）。The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 2026.
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以下条目按记忆标注，出处与年份未逐条核验，正式出版前须补齐（对应第三十九章的划界对象）：
[16] Bandura, A. 关于观察学习与替代学习的系列工作。
[17] Kapur, M. 生产性失败。
[18] Bjork, R. A. & Bjork, E. L. 合意困难与流畅性错觉。
[19] Koedinger, K. R. 等 助力困境与智能辅导系统中的帮助滥用。
[20] Salomon, G., Perkins, D. N., & Globerson, T. (1991). Partners in cognition: Extending human intelligence with intelligent technologies. Educational Researcher, 20(3), 2–9.
[21] Goodhart, C. / Campbell, D. T. 指标腐蚀。
[22] Cuban, L. (1986). Teachers and Machines: The Classroom Use of Technology Since 1920. Teachers College Press.
[23] Bearman, M., Tai, J., Dawson, P., Boud, D., & Ajjawi, R. (2024). Developing evaluative judgement for a time of generative artificial intelligence. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 49(6), 893–905.
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